Overview

The optimisations underlying the acud simulations are defined as a Linear Programming (LP) or Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MIP) problem, depending on the desired level of accuracy and complexity. acud is able to handle multiple time resolutions, producing both chronological and load duration curve-based results.

Features

  • Capacity expansion
  • Minimum and maximum power for each unit
  • Generation unit derating
  • Power plant ramping limits
  • Minimum up/down times
  • Curtailment
  • Detailed hydro modelling, including hydro cascades
  • Pumped storage
  • Non-dispatchable units (e.g. wind, solar, run-of-river, etc.)
  • Start-up, ramping and no-load costs
  • Net transfer capacity based network modelling
  • Constraints on the targets for renewables and/or CO2 emissions

Output

  • Timing, location and type of new capacity built
  • Nodal energy prices
  • Scheduled generation
  • Generating unit starts and stops
  • Fuel consumption
  • Emissions
  • Interconnector flows
  • Storage volumes, water releases and spillages
  • Pumped energy
  • Unserved energy